Ghost Town of Rhyolite, Nevada

Left: Rhyolite mercantile, Right: General store

















Left: unidentified building, Right: School

Gold was discovered here in 1904, and the town had upwards of 10,000 people within three years. The Panic of 1907 is said to have crippled the town, and the mine closed in 1911. We had a nice picnic lunch next to the old train station.
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Death Valley Ranch, a.k.a. "Scotty's Castle"

An unfinished hacienda for a Chicago millionaire
Surely one of the most interesting places to visit in Death Valley is "Scotty's Castle," a mansion built by Chicago insurance magnate Albert Johnson between 1922 and 1933. As interesting as the home itself, with its completely original furnishings, is the story of the unlikely friendship between conservative, Cornell-educated Johnson and Walter Scott, a cowboy con artist known to all as "Death Valley Scotty". Don't miss it if you come to Death Valley.

Park staff wear 1930's period costumes when leading tours through the home.







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Furnace Creek Ranch (Death Valley National Park)

Furnace Creek Ranch: an oasis at sunset
Much like Egypt, which has been called “the gift of the Nile” so is Furnace Creek the “gift” of underground springs. Almost 2 million gallons per day emerges from a Pleistocene Ice Age aquifer that extends as far east as southern Nevada and Utah.

These springs form the basis for the Valley's large tourism infrastructure, which consumes 95% of the outflow. One of the rangers told me he is concerned that Las Vegas wishes to drill more wells “up aquifer” to serve its growing population, which would reduce the amount of water available to wildlife living in Death Valley.

Furnace Creek was the site of a large Indian village before Anglo occupation of the valley.

The ranch was established to provide food for the workmen and twenty mule teams of the borax mining operations, which eventually became US Borax. Mining operations at Furnace Creek ceased in 1927, and the ranch opened for tourists in 1932. US Borax continued to own the property until 1969. Furnace Creek Ranch has 224 guest units, three restaurants, a saloon, swimming pool, campgrounds, date palm plantation, a borax museum, a 3,040 foot airstrip, and an 18-hole golf course (the world’s lowest).

Coincidentally, just two months ago I stayed with the luge team at the location of the world’s highest golf couse (Sestriere, in the Italian alps). Maybe I should pick up golf again...

Thanks, Susan and Tools!

entrance gate -- the mules have been replaced by tourists
watering the golf course's palms in the early morning
the spring-fed swimming pool is GREAT

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Just a Matter of Time

Those of you reading this blog know full well that the time and date shown on the postings are not really when I submitted the posts--I am several days behind with my narrative. An issue that has just gotten more and more confusing to me since leaving California is the simple question, "What time is it?"

When we left there, we drove to Arizona. California is on Pacific Daylight Time. Arizona is on Mountain Standard Time...mostly. That means that even though we changed time zones, I didn't have to change my watch. Yesterday we visited the Hopi Nation, which is on the same time as most of Arizona. But to get there, you have to pass through Navajo country, where they do observe Daylight Savings Time, contrary to the rest of the state. When you leave the Hopi lands, its back into Navajo country--change that watch again! If I had been diligent, I think I should have changed my watch three times yesterday, even though we traveled only 260 miles.

As I write this I am in Kayenta, Arizona, which is near the Utah border. But I'm not really sure what time it is. The sign at the hotel front desk said "Mountain Standard Time (MST)", but a lot of people say that even when they should really be saying "Mountain Daylight Time (MDT)." I think that is the case here.

Add to that, some of my electronic gizmos (like my GPS unit) are not aware that the US moved to Daylight Savings Time earlier this year, and have had to be corrected manually.

What got me onto this topic is that my watch buzzed me awake a short while ago, but the alarm clock has yet to go off...I see they are set to different times. So it's just as well that my posting dates bear no relation to the true time--I probably couldn't tell you if I tried.

Borax and the Twenty Mule Teams

Of all the minerals mined in Death Valley over the years, borax produced the most profits, and became known as the White Gold of the desert. Borates are salt minerals. They were deposited in ancient lake beds that were uplifted and eroded. Water dissolved the borates and carried them to the Death Valley floor, where they recrystallized as borax. Borax is used in fiberglass, welding flux, insecticides and fungicides, corrugated cardboard, soap and detergents, and fire retardant.

In 1881 borax was found near Furnace Creek. Rights to the claim (and the nearby water, necessary for processing) were sold to William Tell Coleman, who built the Harmony borax works in 1883. Borax was mined at this site until 1888. Chinese workmen gathered the ore.

Site of the Harmony borax works in Death Valley
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Extracting and processing the borax was a relatively straightforward operation, and the thorniest issue the mining company faced was how to get its product to market. The answer was supplied by the twenty mule team--whose image lives on in Western lore despite being in use only six years (1883-1889)--to haul the ore 165 miles to the railhead in Mojave, California. Its fame is due primarily to a successful advertising campaign which promoted 20-Mule-Team Borax Soap and a long-running radio and television program, “Death Valley Days.”

The twenty mule teams could pull loads weighing up to 36 tons, including 1,200 gallons of drinking water. The entire unit with mules was more than 100 feet long.
In 1884 a steam tractor replaced the twenty mule teams, and this in turn was replaced by the Borate and Daggett railroad. Salt marsh operations such as those at Harmony were obsolete by 1890. The underground Billie Mine, which closed in 2005, was the last borax mining operation in the Death Valley area.

Left: One of the original wagons and water tank for the twenty mule teams. Right: Steam tractor introduced in 1894 to replace the twenty mule teams. It was in turn replaced by the Borate and Daggett Railroad.

Timbisha of Tümpisa

I was somewhat surprised to discover that a tribe of Indians, the Timbisha Shoshone, have lived in Death Valley for centuries, and continue to do so just a quarter-mile from Furnace Creek Ranch. Their name for Death Valley is Tümpisa, which means "rock paint".

The Mesquite tree is a focal point of Timbisha culture. The Timbisha collected fallen mesquite pods, grinding them into a sweet flour and shaping it into cakes to take with them into the mountains when the valley floor grew too hot. These cakes provided food throughout the fall and winter, supplementing a diet of of game and roasted pinenuts. The current health of the mesquite groves is not good, with 95% of the water in Furnace Creek going to support tourist activities.

Relations with outsiders have ebbed and flowed over the years. They were last uprooted from their property in 1936, and their tenure in the Park was guaranteed only recently, when Congress passed the Timbisha Homeland Act of 2000.




Left: Timbisha tribe headquarters. Right: A Timbisha adobe house, built by the CCC in the 1930s.



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Mosaic Canyon (Death Valley National Park)

An easy quarter-mile hike leads to the beautiful narrows of Mosaic Canyon, which are composed of smooth, water-polished marble. The canyon drains a 4-square mile area, and could be deadly if a flash flood should occur. The walk has many twists and turns, and an added benefit is that much of it is in the shade.

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Charcoal Kilns (Death Valley National Park)

High up (6,875 ft. above sea level) in the piñon pine forest of the Panamint Range, about 10 miles west of Badwater Basin, you can see a collection of old charcoal kilns, designed by Swiss engineers, and built by Chinese laborers in 1879. There are 10 of them, each 25 feet high and 30 feet in diameter.

They suppled the Modock mine smelter, 30 miles to the west, which extracted silver and lead from the ore mined there. After only three years of use, the kilns closed, so that what we see are probably the best preserved charcoal kilns in the West.

Each kiln held four cords of pine wood. Burning the wood took 6-8 days, and cooling the resulting charcoal another 5 days. You can still see stumps of trees felled over a century ago to feed these kilns.

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My Take on Death Valley

"Hottest, driest, lowest" are words that quickly arise when describing Death Valley. But for me, it is the middle one which is most shocking. LESS THAN TWO INCHES. That's the average annual rainfall in Death Valley. Water governs everything. To survive and prosper here requires a strategy that conforms to strict parameters set by nature.
Looking down at Badwater Basin, the lowest point in North America (282 ft. below sea level)
Artists Palette


Death Valley, seven miles north of Furnace Creek
Death Valley's modern history goes hand-in-glove with borax. This is the most profitable substance ever mined here (I'll post more on that later), but the era of profitable large-scale mining ended around 1915. Then the managers at United States Borax hit upon an idea. They convinced the National Park Service that Death Valley was a unique national treasure and should be preserved. In 1933 Death Valley was designated a National Monument. This resulted in a temporary closing of lands to prospecting. But by prior agreement, within four months Congress reopened Death Valley to prospecting and mining. Meanwhile, with abundant water, shade trees, and accomodations, Furnace Creek became the heart of a growing tourism industry within the new park. And who owned Furnace Creek? United States Borax, of course.

Where we stayed: Furnace Creek Ranch
Furnace Creek Inn

Death Valley Wildflowers

Panamint Daisy (Enceliopsis covillei)
The majority of this flower's range is within Death Valley.
Although mid-February to mid-April is the peak blooming period, we did not see a great amount of wildflowers in Death Valley during our two-day visit: a few, but not many. The Park Service informed us that a good wildflower year depends on at least three factors: well-spaced rainfall throughout the winter and early spring, sufficient warmth, and lack of drying winds.

Seen in Mosaic Canyon